Purchasing power parity, theory of exchange rate determination. Free Essays

Presentation: The target of this paper is to all the more likely comprehend one of the key ideas of genuine swapping scale assurance and building squares of macroeconomic model, ppp. The primary motivation to concentrate on this subject is because of the way that the majority of the huge organizations are working past the national limits and are attempting to extend their business at universal levels, so it gets fundamental for chiefs and speculators while settling on worldwide venture choices to measure the effect of change of shopper products costs, tradable and non-tradable merchandise could have on the benefit of their businesses.Although the term â€Å"purchasing power parity† was authored as of late as 80 years back (Cassel, 1918), it has any longer history in economics[1]. We will compose a custom paper test on Buying power equality, hypothesis of conversion scale assurance. or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now PPP is by and large ascribed to Gustav Cassel’s works during the 1920s, in spite of the fact that its scholarly causes go back to the compositions of the nineteenth-century British business analyst â€Å"David Ricardo†. Most likely, it is the most established hypothesis of swapping scale assurance. In segment 1 of this paper, I will characterize the idea of ppp, talk about the hypothesis behind it, and expand its down to earth suggestions in genuine turn of events. The segment 2 will explains the subtleties between outright ppp and relative ppp and trial of the legitimacy of the ppp hypothesis over the timeframe. The segment 3 expounds Why is increasingly desirable over state that ppp holds over the long haul than in the short run. The area 4 clarifies why ppp doesn't hold in the short run, what are the monetary components lies behind it in going astray ppp from real swapping scale. It recognizes those elements which would keep supreme ppp from holding, yet would not really keep relative ppp from holding, and those which unmistakably forestall relative ppp as well. It additionally clarifies those elements which would prompt ppp flopping over the long haul. In segment 5, there are finishing up comments. Area 1: UNDERSTANDING PURCHASING POWER PARITY In thissection, I will characterize buying power equality by utilizing the guides to expand how it functions in reality and examine it how it identifies with genuine trade rates. WHAT IS PPP? The buying power equality swapping scale is the conversion scale between two currencies’ that would compare the two important national value levels whenever communicated in like manner cash at that rate, with the goal that ppp of a unit of one money would be the equivalent in both countries.The fundamental idea basic ppp hypothesis is that exchange powers will prompt the evening out of products costs universally, when the costs of merchandise are estimated in same cash. As such hypothesis speaks to an utilization of the ‘law of one price’[2]. LAW OF ONE PRICE: The major thought behind this hypothesis is the law of one price.LOP[3] alludes to indistinguishable items which are sold in various markets will sell in similar costs when communicated regarding a typical cash within the sight of serious market structure and nonattendance of transportation costs and different boundaries to exchange. In this way, it gives a structure to relate money in one market (the local market) to cash in another market (outside market).In mathematical structure, LOP places that for any great I: p The most effective method to refer to Purchasing power equality, hypothesis of conversion standard assurance., Essay models

Need for health care services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Requirement for social insurance administrations - Essay Example Reasons given for the unavailability of such administrations shift from family or individual to individual, the most well-known being the high rates charged by the specialist organizations. Arrangement of protection covers is a business wherein in the wake of getting to covers, individuals pay month to month or yearly premiums. The pace of the premiums is never legitimately relative to the sort and nature of inclusion gave, this subsequently impacts various individuals to pick self-settlement of hospital expenses in the wellbeing offices if there should arise an occurrence of a crisis (Aday 81). On of the primary commands of the administration is to guarantee that each American gets to quality human services benefits, the national protection spread arrangement isn't generally acknowledged in spite of actuality that it is a great deal sponsored. This follows the cases that private wellbeing specialist co-ops have multiplied the greater part of the districts in the nation making access to open offices a ton troublesome. The decision to take up a spread or not to is an individual choice and the state can't ever force such decisions on its residents. Nonetheless, the administration should impact the way toward settling on such choices by guaranteeing that people in general has the general information on the approaches and should promote [provide motivators to the entrance of such administrations. All state representatives have protection premiums paid for them by the administration (OCarroll 88). In any case, the administration does next to no in affecting the procurement of such administrations particularly to the vast majority of the poor populace in the nation. A large portion of Americans in personal business settle on this decision completely without anyone else, the over the top rates charged by the greater part of the specialist organizations and the vulnerability that portrays such administrations inevitably impacts the vast majority of them despite what might be expected. Those utilized in the private areas have their bosses furnish them with so much administrations as a methods for inspiration and to support their assurance to work. The business gives a fundamental level of the spread by

Reflection Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection - Term Paper Example The four significant fiscal reports are the salary proclamation, accounting report, articulation of held profit, and the announcement of income. The pay articulation and asset report are frequently alluded to as regular size fiscal summaries. The salary proclamation quantifies the productivity of an organization during a particular timeframe. The ordinary bookkeeping cycle takes one year to finish. The fiscal summaries are the final product of the bookkeeping cycle. The accounting report shows the monetary situation of an organization at a particular point in time. The three significant segments of the accounting report are the advantages, liabilities, and investors value. The monetary record is readied dependent on the rationale from the essential bookkeeping of condition. The fundamental bookkeeping condition expresses that advantages equivalent liabilities in addition to investors value. The announcement of income showed the inflow and surges of money during a monetary period. The three segments of the announcement of income are working, financing, and contributing. The announcement or held profit traces the adjustments in value during a money related period. The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 was made by Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael Oxley. The motivation behind the demonstration was to bring speculator certainty up in the securities exchange after the money related catastrophes that happened at Enron, Tyco, and WorldCom among different organizations. The Act was made to build the responsibility, unwavering quality, and precision of monetary data. The Sarbanes Oxley Act is made out of 11 titles. The 11 titles of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are recorded underneath: The third subject of bookkeeping that will be talked about is conservatism. Conservatism expresses that if a circumstance emerges where there are two adequate options for revealing a thing, conservatism guides the bookkeeper to pick the elective that will bring about less overall gain and additionally less resource sum (Accountingcoach, 2011). At the point when a bookkeeper is

Innovation 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Development 2 - Essay Example Considering all the methodologies introduced in this writing survey relating to the handiness of client information in characterizing the Key Performance Indicators for any association, it tends to be appropriately expressed that in contemporary time the dependence upon shut development process has gotten satisfactory and accordingly is out of date, as a result of the significant necessities of this procedure which can not be satisfied in the contemporary period of expanded globalization. Thusly, fuse of the open advancement process isn't just fundamental yet additionally important so as to succeed and advance. Inside this procedure, clients assume a huge job on each progression of the item advancement process, and their enormous commitment couldn't be disregarded, since they are the end clients accordingly the usage of their insight could spell accomplishment for the firm on the off chance that it is dealt with fittingly. This paper makes an end that with this the KPIs of the association must be rebuilt into progressively subjective apparatuses so as to represent distinctive complicated and complex wellsprings of information base. When these are appropriately rebuilt and assessed it leaves the association with the difficulty of tackling the issue of lost licensed innovation, in this manner recommending that the outside-in strategy for open advancement ought to be utilized and outer sources ought to be utilized for commercialization once the thought has been authorized, so as to guarantee security of Intellectual Property and furthermore viability in advertising.

Social Media Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Introduction This essay seeks to critically discuss the statement that given the rise of social media marketing, companies should focus all of their marketing efforts on social media platforms. The rapidly shifting topography of the social media landscape seems to create the impression that its associated platforms are a new concept, but they actually have a relatively long history in terms of the total lifespan of the internet. For example, Friendster was established in 2002 whilst Myspace and LinkedIn followed the year after. Two years later, 2005 saw the rise of some of the most famous social media platforms of the present day including a nascent Facebook, YouTube and Reddit, whilst Twitter became popular the following year (Luttrell, 2015). Over this period of time, marketers have become more comfortable with the realisation that these platforms offer new avenues for marketing efforts, with enhanced brand awareness and brand engagement being key metrics for the success of social media campaigns (Hoffman and Fodor, 2010). This work will evaluate the extent to which social media should be utilised as a marketing tool. Discussion Concurrent with the aforementioned growth of social media platforms, consumers are now, more than ever before, turning to the internet as a source of information (Aiello, 2014). In a marketing context this trend seems to be driven by a number of factors, with consumers seemingly beginning to question the trustworthiness of traditional forms of advertising, meaning that many are leveraging the power of social media to seek out more reliable information relating to a product or service (Aiello, 2014). Evidence of the rise of social media marketing can be seen in the vast sums of money that are being spent on the platform as a means of disseminating messages. For example, previous estimations suggest that between 2010 and 2013, worldwide spending on social media marketing increased from $3.4 billion to $10 billion (Clark and Melancon, 2013). This trend is set to continue, with expenditure in the United States alone expected to double to $11 billion by 2017, with an imbedded sub-trend that will see mobile-orientated platforms rival and exceed traditional personal computer platforms for the first time (Glass and Calahan, 2014). The case for companies to continue this high level of investment in social media marketing is a sound one. Social media facilitates a strengthening of the relationship between a consumer and a particular brand by enabling people to express their loyalty, even in cases in which they may not necessarily be able to afford a given product or service (Clark and Melancon, 2013). Citing the work of Shaffer and Garnett (2011), Clark and Melancon (2013) state that 51% of Facebook users are likely to buy from companies which they follow whilst 84% of a companys fans on that platform are returning customers. A potential mechanism for this activity is put forward by Laroche, Habibi and Richard (2013), who suggest that a sense of community around a particular brand, which is created through social media, can underpin consumer loyalty to that brand. T he authors observe that people join brand communities in order to satisfy an inherent need to feel part of a particular group or establish a sense of belonging to symbols which they consider important. Brand communities, in turn, provide an individual with the opportunity to get in touch with devoted consumers of a similar mind-set, establishing a common frame of reference within which people can interact and exchange accounts of product experiences. In practice, this is analogous to the supporting of a sports team, with a common cause being central to defining a sense of personal identity and bringing together people who otherwise may have nothing in common (Simons, 2013). This clearly plays into the hands of marketers, with this sense of loyalty leading to a fervour that seemingly creates customer loyalty and results in benefits for all involved parties. With such a powerful force close to hand, marketers can establish Facebook groups and pages, using the medium to interact with t heir consumer base, asking direct questions in an attempt to inspire dialogue and create information flow between individuals. Other innovative tools such as Facebook events, both real and virtual, can be used to sporadically bring people together under a common corporate banner, further reinforcing the aforementioned sense of community that such a facility creates (Zarrella and Zarrella, 2011). Another characteristic that is representative of the rise of social media marketing, and which certainly justifies its use by companies, is word of mouth advertising. Outside of the context of social media, word of mouth has typically been accepted as being a highly powerful force in the marketplace. According to Bansal and Voyer (2000), this is because the sender of such information, being a buying customer, usually has little to gain in terms of telling others about their experience of a particular brand, meaning that receivers can render any recommendations as being trustworthy and tru thful. This contrasts with the attempts of advertisers to promote the benefits of their product or service: what they say about their commercial offering may not be untrue but because they stand to gain monetarily from any purchases made, the fidelity of their claims could be rightly questioned. Social media, it seems, has amplified the effect of word of mouth in that consumption-related online communities materialise in cases in which enough people are speaking about a brand such that social relationships are formed. This has given rise to far-reaching networks to which people will specifically come in order to share information about a product or service (Brown, Broderick and Lee, 2007) and previous to the dawn of the internet, such a proliferation seems unthinkable. The messages that they emit through social media can be positive or negative, but it should usually conform to the aforementioned principle in that it will probably be truthful. Marketers appreciate this powerful forc e and though it is difficult to control, they can use their social media presence to encourage followers to disseminate positive messages and recruit new advocates by offering rewards and competitions to tag photos or share a specific piece of content with others (Clark and Melancon, 2013). However, in a competitive marketplace, efforts need to be somewhat more concentrated and one communications agency, M Booth, increased clothes sales for a client by partnering with a number of well-established online bloggers, leveraging their reach to set up a blog-up shop series which directly enhanced sales by $105,000 (Whitler, 2014). Accordingly, by strategically aligning itself with the right individuals, the company was able to funnel positive word of mouth messages through potent online social media channels in order to boost direct sales. There is further, perhaps more obvious, evidence relating to why a company should concentrate its efforts down social media channels: marketers can enjoy cost and time savings whilst providing a more stimulating experience to their users. What is more, the data that can be derived from this type of marketing can be very powerful with, for example, users tweets being easily trackable to offer an instant barometer of the popularity of a specific campaign or activity (Tella, 2015). Together, these factors offer a compelling case for social media marketing but what remains to be answered is the question as to whether a company should channel all of their marketing efforts into social media platforms. There is ample evidence to suggest otherwise. Mangold and Faulds (2009) state that the marketplace has been enhanced by social media because consumer to consumer communication has been substantially proliferated. This is a good development for companies from the perspective that word of mouth recommendations are more fluid and can reach more people, but the platform is unique in that it wrests some of the control of marketing messag es from the advertiser and empowers the consumer (Mangold and Faulds, 2009), whose experience of a given product or service may not necessarily be positive. If this were to be the case and the marketer has focused solely on social media marketing, it seemingly leaves too much marketing control in the hands of consumers and impedes the potential power of traditional advertising, which can deliver a more focused and controlled, albeit less interactive, message. It also means that marketing executives must work very hard in order to shape the views of consumers in line with the mission and goals of the organisation (Mangold and Faulds, 2009). Indeed, Clark and Melancon (2013) report that 21% of consumers have used social media to speak negatively of a brand. If this happens to occur on, say, a companys Twitter page, it could be very damaging to its image and, accordingly, social media marketing has rightly been associated with a relinquishment of control (Barker et al., 2013). Moreover , any efforts on the part of a company to forcefully influence this dynamic can be construed as domineering. At the same time, there exists an interesting advantage of traditional marketing efforts over those of social media. For example, a newspaper advertisement might make grandiose claims about a given product or service. To a great extent, this is expected by consumers who by now are conditioned to the techniques used by traditional marketers. Conversely, Barker et al. (2013) argue that social media marketing campaigns are unable adopt this approach. Because of the two-way communication element of this type of marketing, a consumers level of trust is of the utmost importance, meaning that marketing efforts which are not earnest and honest will be held to task by people who can become irked by exaggerated claims. This is representative of a lack of trust and exemplifies the altered dynamic and additional barriers that are apparent in social media marketing: it is undeniable th at consumers are more accessible through these new online avenues; however, the standard to which they hold the seller of a good or service may be higher and more fraught with danger than it is when traditional marketing forms are utilised. It is also worth noting the reach of a more traditional marketing platform such as television advertising. Extolling the benefits of this type of marketing, Burrow and Fowler (2015) state that this method has the propensity to influence people in an emotional way, using high production values to elicit a strong bond with the viewer. Of course, it must be noted that this can still be achieved on a social media platform such as YouTube, but this still gives consumers the two-way communication mechanism to communicate their like or dislike of a particular advertisement and is somewhat dependent on what that the consumer is actively searching for, as web activity can be very task-driven (Harvest Digital, 2007). Moreover, a television advertisement can deliver a controlled message to a very large audience, as evidenced by a sustained increase in demand for adverting space during the Super Bowl, a fact evidenced by an annual increase in advertising rates of 10.3% since the first iteration of that event, resulting in a cost of $3.75 million for a 30 second advertising segment (Ozanian, 2013). The average audience of the Super Bowl in 2014 exceeded 110 million people (Oh, Sasser and Almahmoud, 2015). Clearly, these observations lend credence to the assertion that traditional platforms still deliver value to marketers and that all resources should not necessarily be channelled into social media marketing mechanisms. Conclusion Based on the cited evidence in this work, it can be concluded that social media marketing efforts can be very rewarding as they offer new and innovative ways in which to engage with consumers and build a harmonious and sustained relationship. However, one must be critical of the contention that a company should focus all of its marketing efforts on social media platforms. Traditional marketing, though less dynamic in nature, still offers many advantages and can be used to reach a large amount of consumers in a short space of time. With consumers being less suspicious of this type of marketing, trust may be less likely to be breached, but the growth of social media channels is difficult to deny. The world is seemingly going online and social media provides a level of interactivity unrivalled by other platforms. Perhaps an optimal approach would be an integration of social media and traditional print media/television platforms, with consumers being encouraged to seek out online inter actions through traditional channels. Such an approach would seem to combine the best of both worlds and appeal to the widest possible audience. References Aiello, L. (2014). Handbook of research on management of cultural products: E-relationship marketing and accessibility perspectives. Hershey: Business Science Reference. Bansal, H. S., and Voyer, P. A. (2000). Word-of-mouth processes within a services purchase decision context. Journal of Service Research, 3(2), 166-177. Barker, M. S., Barker, D., Bormann, N. F., and Neher, K. (2013). Social media marketing: A strategic approach. Mason: South-Western Cengage Learning. Brown, J., Broderick, A. J., and Lee, N. (2007). Word of mouth communication within online communities: Conceptualizing the online social network. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 21(3), 2-20. Burrow, J. L., and Fowler, A. R. (2015). Marketing. Boston: Cengage Learning. Clark, M., and Melancon, J. (2013). The influence of social media investment on relational outcomes: A relationship marketing perspective. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 5(4), 132-142. Glass, R., and Callahan, S. (2014). The big data-driven business: How to use big data to win customers, beat competitors, and boost profits. Hoboken: Wiley. Harvest Digital, (2007). The influence of online advertising on search. [online] Available at: https://www.bima.co.uk/assets/members/whitepapers/050908051f120704_1.pdf Hoffman, D. L., and Fodor, M. (2010). Can you measure the ROI of your social media marketing? MIT Sloan Management Review, 52(1), 41-49. Laroche, M., Habibi, M. R., and Richard, M. O. (2013). To be or not to be in social media: How brand loyalty is affected by social media? International Journal of Information Management, 33(1), 76-82. Luttrell, R. (2015). Social media: How to engage, share, and connect. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. Mangold, W. G., and Faulds, D. J. (2009). Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix. Business Horizons, 52(4), 357-365. Oh, C., Sasser, S., and Almahmoud, S. (2015). Social media analytics framework: the case of Twitter and Super Bow l ads. Journal of Information Technology Management, 26(1), 1-18. Ozanian, M. (2013). Super Bowl Advertising Rates Top The Stock Market. [online] Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2013/01/18/super-bowl-advertising-rates-top-the-stock-market/ Shaffer, J., and Garnett, M. (2011). Monetizing Social Media. Printing Impressions, 54(1), 22. Simons, E. (2013). The secret lives of sports fans: The science of sports obsession. New York: Overlook Duckworth. Tella, A. (2015). Social media strategies for dynamic library service development. Hershey: Information Science Reference. Whitler, K. (2014). Why Word Of Mouth Marketing Is The Most Important Social Media. [online] Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimberlywhitler/2014/07/17/why-word-of-mouth-marketing-is-the-most-important-social-media/ Zarrella, D. and Zarrella, A. (2011). The Facebook Marketing Book. Sebastopol: OReilly Media.

Flowchart and Memo Essay - 1100 Words

Flowchart and Memo (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Instructor:9/1/2015.Supply GoodsReceive Purchase OrderA flowchart is essential for the graphical, or pictorial representation of all the processes within an organization .It helps highlight the various parts or departments that might have problems, and therefore offer some insight on how to solve these problems. The flowchart below is for a manufacturing company, from reception of an order, to supply of the same.Receive goodsSend Order to SupplierFinalize PurchaseForm Correctly Completed?Receive Purchase RequestPurchase Request to Purchasing DepartmentComplete Purchase RequestLow StocksYesYesNoReturnRectify and ReturnIncorrect RequestTo: The ManagerFrom: PlanningDate: 9/1/2015Re: Integration of IT to streamline operations.Over the history of the company, there has been a great reliance on manual procedures, through every level of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s management. The operations of the organization, from time a client orders products, to the time of supply, the personnel have worked on the paper environment. It has been effective in ensuring that the company processes have continued, and the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s core businesses have been intact. However, there are a number of things that make the system have some problems and thereby call for a complete makeover of the entire system.The purchase process, usually start by placement of an order. Once the order has been placed, there are the necessary processes required to validate the request, before the processing of the order. During the validation process, all the checks are usually done to ensure that the right purchase orders are made and the processes duly completed. The problem usually arises when the number of orders received within a specific period is extremely high. In such a situation, the amount of paperwork done at every stage is daunting. Additionally, the amount of work on the personnel in charge can prove to be very daunting. As a result, the probability of human error is mor e likely with more and more work.This raises the need for automation of the whole system. The computerization of the procedures, all the way from start to end, is a definite pointer to improved efficiency. Installation of databases and other automated systems will help in the development of a business intelligence system, which plays a huge role in ensuring that the normal decision making processes are done within the necessary timeline. For example, the decision making process when it comes to the validation of the purchase requests, and the purchase orders van be produced automatically, once the reception of an approval from the requests is done.The computerization of the system will also ensure that there is a continuous work process within the organization, thereby eliminating the instances of fatigue that might arise as a result of the same. Fatigue suffered by the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s personnel might pose a serious chal...

Essay on Steeple Tobacco and Balance Scorecard - 1449 Words

STEEPLE and Balance Scorecard Kevin Jackson MKT 598 April 27, 2014 Anthony Bretti, Instructor When a firm uses an external consultant to solve a problem or evaluate an opportunity the consultant can use STEEPLE (social, technological, economic, environmental, legal, and ethical), which is a preliminary analysis technique to answer why the business organization or systems exist (Wickham, Wickham, 2008, p. 128). This analysis the consultant preforms helps to determine how the firm business fits in its external environment. The consultant can also use the balances scorecard to measure the financial and non-financial performance of the firm. The consultant will use the STEEPLE and Balance†¦show more content†¦The technological factor, Phillip-Morris has does not have the knowledge of producing e-cigarettes. The firm will have to rely on a third party to produce the product. With the company not having the technology or the technical know how to produce e-cigarettes the price of the product can be very expensive. This has a negative affect on the economical factor, because many consumers may not be able to afford the product. In addition, by the firm using a third party to produce the product the firm does not assume the risk of borrowing the necessary funds. The firm will not have any negative environmental factors of producing the product, because the third party will assume the risk. However, Phillip-Morris does impact the environment with its current production of making cigarettes. In the political and legal issues the firm can face is very limited. Phillip-Morris will have to comply with federal, state, and local laws governing the legal age requirement for purchasing the product. The firm will have ethical issues if the packaging, design, and marketing is promoting the alternative way of smoking as â€Å"cool.† This can entice young society members to purchase and use the product. However, if its marketing, packaging, and design is to provide adults an alternative and health way of smoking. This will show society that the firm cares about the health of its customers and those who are affected by second