Purchasing power parity, theory of exchange rate determination. Free Essays

Presentation: The target of this paper is to all the more likely comprehend one of the key ideas of genuine swapping scale assurance and building squares of macroeconomic model, ppp. The primary motivation to concentrate on this subject is because of the way that the majority of the huge organizations are working past the national limits and are attempting to extend their business at universal levels, so it gets fundamental for chiefs and speculators while settling on worldwide venture choices to measure the effect of change of shopper products costs, tradable and non-tradable merchandise could have on the benefit of their businesses.Although the term â€Å"purchasing power parity† was authored as of late as 80 years back (Cassel, 1918), it has any longer history in economics[1]. We will compose a custom paper test on Buying power equality, hypothesis of conversion scale assurance. or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now PPP is by and large ascribed to Gustav Cassel’s works during the 1920s, in spite of the fact that its scholarly causes go back to the compositions of the nineteenth-century British business analyst â€Å"David Ricardo†. Most likely, it is the most established hypothesis of swapping scale assurance. In segment 1 of this paper, I will characterize the idea of ppp, talk about the hypothesis behind it, and expand its down to earth suggestions in genuine turn of events. The segment 2 will explains the subtleties between outright ppp and relative ppp and trial of the legitimacy of the ppp hypothesis over the timeframe. The segment 3 expounds Why is increasingly desirable over state that ppp holds over the long haul than in the short run. The area 4 clarifies why ppp doesn't hold in the short run, what are the monetary components lies behind it in going astray ppp from real swapping scale. It recognizes those elements which would keep supreme ppp from holding, yet would not really keep relative ppp from holding, and those which unmistakably forestall relative ppp as well. It additionally clarifies those elements which would prompt ppp flopping over the long haul. In segment 5, there are finishing up comments. Area 1: UNDERSTANDING PURCHASING POWER PARITY In thissection, I will characterize buying power equality by utilizing the guides to expand how it functions in reality and examine it how it identifies with genuine trade rates. WHAT IS PPP? The buying power equality swapping scale is the conversion scale between two currencies’ that would compare the two important national value levels whenever communicated in like manner cash at that rate, with the goal that ppp of a unit of one money would be the equivalent in both countries.The fundamental idea basic ppp hypothesis is that exchange powers will prompt the evening out of products costs universally, when the costs of merchandise are estimated in same cash. As such hypothesis speaks to an utilization of the ‘law of one price’[2]. LAW OF ONE PRICE: The major thought behind this hypothesis is the law of one price.LOP[3] alludes to indistinguishable items which are sold in various markets will sell in similar costs when communicated regarding a typical cash within the sight of serious market structure and nonattendance of transportation costs and different boundaries to exchange. In this way, it gives a structure to relate money in one market (the local market) to cash in another market (outside market).In mathematical structure, LOP places that for any great I: p The most effective method to refer to Purchasing power equality, hypothesis of conversion standard assurance., Essay models

Need for health care services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Requirement for social insurance administrations - Essay Example Reasons given for the unavailability of such administrations shift from family or individual to individual, the most well-known being the high rates charged by the specialist organizations. Arrangement of protection covers is a business wherein in the wake of getting to covers, individuals pay month to month or yearly premiums. The pace of the premiums is never legitimately relative to the sort and nature of inclusion gave, this subsequently impacts various individuals to pick self-settlement of hospital expenses in the wellbeing offices if there should arise an occurrence of a crisis (Aday 81). On of the primary commands of the administration is to guarantee that each American gets to quality human services benefits, the national protection spread arrangement isn't generally acknowledged in spite of actuality that it is a great deal sponsored. This follows the cases that private wellbeing specialist co-ops have multiplied the greater part of the districts in the nation making access to open offices a ton troublesome. The decision to take up a spread or not to is an individual choice and the state can't ever force such decisions on its residents. Nonetheless, the administration should impact the way toward settling on such choices by guaranteeing that people in general has the general information on the approaches and should promote [provide motivators to the entrance of such administrations. All state representatives have protection premiums paid for them by the administration (OCarroll 88). In any case, the administration does next to no in affecting the procurement of such administrations particularly to the vast majority of the poor populace in the nation. A large portion of Americans in personal business settle on this decision completely without anyone else, the over the top rates charged by the greater part of the specialist organizations and the vulnerability that portrays such administrations inevitably impacts the vast majority of them despite what might be expected. Those utilized in the private areas have their bosses furnish them with so much administrations as a methods for inspiration and to support their assurance to work. The business gives a fundamental level of the spread by

Reflection Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection - Term Paper Example The four significant fiscal reports are the salary proclamation, accounting report, articulation of held profit, and the announcement of income. The pay articulation and asset report are frequently alluded to as regular size fiscal summaries. The salary proclamation quantifies the productivity of an organization during a particular timeframe. The ordinary bookkeeping cycle takes one year to finish. The fiscal summaries are the final product of the bookkeeping cycle. The accounting report shows the monetary situation of an organization at a particular point in time. The three significant segments of the accounting report are the advantages, liabilities, and investors value. The monetary record is readied dependent on the rationale from the essential bookkeeping of condition. The fundamental bookkeeping condition expresses that advantages equivalent liabilities in addition to investors value. The announcement of income showed the inflow and surges of money during a monetary period. The three segments of the announcement of income are working, financing, and contributing. The announcement or held profit traces the adjustments in value during a money related period. The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 was made by Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael Oxley. The motivation behind the demonstration was to bring speculator certainty up in the securities exchange after the money related catastrophes that happened at Enron, Tyco, and WorldCom among different organizations. The Act was made to build the responsibility, unwavering quality, and precision of monetary data. The Sarbanes Oxley Act is made out of 11 titles. The 11 titles of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are recorded underneath: The third subject of bookkeeping that will be talked about is conservatism. Conservatism expresses that if a circumstance emerges where there are two adequate options for revealing a thing, conservatism guides the bookkeeper to pick the elective that will bring about less overall gain and additionally less resource sum (Accountingcoach, 2011). At the point when a bookkeeper is

Innovation 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Development 2 - Essay Example Considering all the methodologies introduced in this writing survey relating to the handiness of client information in characterizing the Key Performance Indicators for any association, it tends to be appropriately expressed that in contemporary time the dependence upon shut development process has gotten satisfactory and accordingly is out of date, as a result of the significant necessities of this procedure which can not be satisfied in the contemporary period of expanded globalization. Thusly, fuse of the open advancement process isn't just fundamental yet additionally important so as to succeed and advance. Inside this procedure, clients assume a huge job on each progression of the item advancement process, and their enormous commitment couldn't be disregarded, since they are the end clients accordingly the usage of their insight could spell accomplishment for the firm on the off chance that it is dealt with fittingly. This paper makes an end that with this the KPIs of the association must be rebuilt into progressively subjective apparatuses so as to represent distinctive complicated and complex wellsprings of information base. When these are appropriately rebuilt and assessed it leaves the association with the difficulty of tackling the issue of lost licensed innovation, in this manner recommending that the outside-in strategy for open advancement ought to be utilized and outer sources ought to be utilized for commercialization once the thought has been authorized, so as to guarantee security of Intellectual Property and furthermore viability in advertising.

Social Media Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Introduction This essay seeks to critically discuss the statement that given the rise of social media marketing, companies should focus all of their marketing efforts on social media platforms. The rapidly shifting topography of the social media landscape seems to create the impression that its associated platforms are a new concept, but they actually have a relatively long history in terms of the total lifespan of the internet. For example, Friendster was established in 2002 whilst Myspace and LinkedIn followed the year after. Two years later, 2005 saw the rise of some of the most famous social media platforms of the present day including a nascent Facebook, YouTube and Reddit, whilst Twitter became popular the following year (Luttrell, 2015). Over this period of time, marketers have become more comfortable with the realisation that these platforms offer new avenues for marketing efforts, with enhanced brand awareness and brand engagement being key metrics for the success of social media campaigns (Hoffman and Fodor, 2010). This work will evaluate the extent to which social media should be utilised as a marketing tool. Discussion Concurrent with the aforementioned growth of social media platforms, consumers are now, more than ever before, turning to the internet as a source of information (Aiello, 2014). In a marketing context this trend seems to be driven by a number of factors, with consumers seemingly beginning to question the trustworthiness of traditional forms of advertising, meaning that many are leveraging the power of social media to seek out more reliable information relating to a product or service (Aiello, 2014). Evidence of the rise of social media marketing can be seen in the vast sums of money that are being spent on the platform as a means of disseminating messages. For example, previous estimations suggest that between 2010 and 2013, worldwide spending on social media marketing increased from $3.4 billion to $10 billion (Clark and Melancon, 2013). This trend is set to continue, with expenditure in the United States alone expected to double to $11 billion by 2017, with an imbedded sub-trend that will see mobile-orientated platforms rival and exceed traditional personal computer platforms for the first time (Glass and Calahan, 2014). The case for companies to continue this high level of investment in social media marketing is a sound one. Social media facilitates a strengthening of the relationship between a consumer and a particular brand by enabling people to express their loyalty, even in cases in which they may not necessarily be able to afford a given product or service (Clark and Melancon, 2013). Citing the work of Shaffer and Garnett (2011), Clark and Melancon (2013) state that 51% of Facebook users are likely to buy from companies which they follow whilst 84% of a companys fans on that platform are returning customers. A potential mechanism for this activity is put forward by Laroche, Habibi and Richard (2013), who suggest that a sense of community around a particular brand, which is created through social media, can underpin consumer loyalty to that brand. T he authors observe that people join brand communities in order to satisfy an inherent need to feel part of a particular group or establish a sense of belonging to symbols which they consider important. Brand communities, in turn, provide an individual with the opportunity to get in touch with devoted consumers of a similar mind-set, establishing a common frame of reference within which people can interact and exchange accounts of product experiences. In practice, this is analogous to the supporting of a sports team, with a common cause being central to defining a sense of personal identity and bringing together people who otherwise may have nothing in common (Simons, 2013). This clearly plays into the hands of marketers, with this sense of loyalty leading to a fervour that seemingly creates customer loyalty and results in benefits for all involved parties. With such a powerful force close to hand, marketers can establish Facebook groups and pages, using the medium to interact with t heir consumer base, asking direct questions in an attempt to inspire dialogue and create information flow between individuals. Other innovative tools such as Facebook events, both real and virtual, can be used to sporadically bring people together under a common corporate banner, further reinforcing the aforementioned sense of community that such a facility creates (Zarrella and Zarrella, 2011). Another characteristic that is representative of the rise of social media marketing, and which certainly justifies its use by companies, is word of mouth advertising. Outside of the context of social media, word of mouth has typically been accepted as being a highly powerful force in the marketplace. According to Bansal and Voyer (2000), this is because the sender of such information, being a buying customer, usually has little to gain in terms of telling others about their experience of a particular brand, meaning that receivers can render any recommendations as being trustworthy and tru thful. This contrasts with the attempts of advertisers to promote the benefits of their product or service: what they say about their commercial offering may not be untrue but because they stand to gain monetarily from any purchases made, the fidelity of their claims could be rightly questioned. Social media, it seems, has amplified the effect of word of mouth in that consumption-related online communities materialise in cases in which enough people are speaking about a brand such that social relationships are formed. This has given rise to far-reaching networks to which people will specifically come in order to share information about a product or service (Brown, Broderick and Lee, 2007) and previous to the dawn of the internet, such a proliferation seems unthinkable. The messages that they emit through social media can be positive or negative, but it should usually conform to the aforementioned principle in that it will probably be truthful. Marketers appreciate this powerful forc e and though it is difficult to control, they can use their social media presence to encourage followers to disseminate positive messages and recruit new advocates by offering rewards and competitions to tag photos or share a specific piece of content with others (Clark and Melancon, 2013). However, in a competitive marketplace, efforts need to be somewhat more concentrated and one communications agency, M Booth, increased clothes sales for a client by partnering with a number of well-established online bloggers, leveraging their reach to set up a blog-up shop series which directly enhanced sales by $105,000 (Whitler, 2014). Accordingly, by strategically aligning itself with the right individuals, the company was able to funnel positive word of mouth messages through potent online social media channels in order to boost direct sales. There is further, perhaps more obvious, evidence relating to why a company should concentrate its efforts down social media channels: marketers can enjoy cost and time savings whilst providing a more stimulating experience to their users. What is more, the data that can be derived from this type of marketing can be very powerful with, for example, users tweets being easily trackable to offer an instant barometer of the popularity of a specific campaign or activity (Tella, 2015). Together, these factors offer a compelling case for social media marketing but what remains to be answered is the question as to whether a company should channel all of their marketing efforts into social media platforms. There is ample evidence to suggest otherwise. Mangold and Faulds (2009) state that the marketplace has been enhanced by social media because consumer to consumer communication has been substantially proliferated. This is a good development for companies from the perspective that word of mouth recommendations are more fluid and can reach more people, but the platform is unique in that it wrests some of the control of marketing messag es from the advertiser and empowers the consumer (Mangold and Faulds, 2009), whose experience of a given product or service may not necessarily be positive. If this were to be the case and the marketer has focused solely on social media marketing, it seemingly leaves too much marketing control in the hands of consumers and impedes the potential power of traditional advertising, which can deliver a more focused and controlled, albeit less interactive, message. It also means that marketing executives must work very hard in order to shape the views of consumers in line with the mission and goals of the organisation (Mangold and Faulds, 2009). Indeed, Clark and Melancon (2013) report that 21% of consumers have used social media to speak negatively of a brand. If this happens to occur on, say, a companys Twitter page, it could be very damaging to its image and, accordingly, social media marketing has rightly been associated with a relinquishment of control (Barker et al., 2013). Moreover , any efforts on the part of a company to forcefully influence this dynamic can be construed as domineering. At the same time, there exists an interesting advantage of traditional marketing efforts over those of social media. For example, a newspaper advertisement might make grandiose claims about a given product or service. To a great extent, this is expected by consumers who by now are conditioned to the techniques used by traditional marketers. Conversely, Barker et al. (2013) argue that social media marketing campaigns are unable adopt this approach. Because of the two-way communication element of this type of marketing, a consumers level of trust is of the utmost importance, meaning that marketing efforts which are not earnest and honest will be held to task by people who can become irked by exaggerated claims. This is representative of a lack of trust and exemplifies the altered dynamic and additional barriers that are apparent in social media marketing: it is undeniable th at consumers are more accessible through these new online avenues; however, the standard to which they hold the seller of a good or service may be higher and more fraught with danger than it is when traditional marketing forms are utilised. It is also worth noting the reach of a more traditional marketing platform such as television advertising. Extolling the benefits of this type of marketing, Burrow and Fowler (2015) state that this method has the propensity to influence people in an emotional way, using high production values to elicit a strong bond with the viewer. Of course, it must be noted that this can still be achieved on a social media platform such as YouTube, but this still gives consumers the two-way communication mechanism to communicate their like or dislike of a particular advertisement and is somewhat dependent on what that the consumer is actively searching for, as web activity can be very task-driven (Harvest Digital, 2007). Moreover, a television advertisement can deliver a controlled message to a very large audience, as evidenced by a sustained increase in demand for adverting space during the Super Bowl, a fact evidenced by an annual increase in advertising rates of 10.3% since the first iteration of that event, resulting in a cost of $3.75 million for a 30 second advertising segment (Ozanian, 2013). The average audience of the Super Bowl in 2014 exceeded 110 million people (Oh, Sasser and Almahmoud, 2015). Clearly, these observations lend credence to the assertion that traditional platforms still deliver value to marketers and that all resources should not necessarily be channelled into social media marketing mechanisms. Conclusion Based on the cited evidence in this work, it can be concluded that social media marketing efforts can be very rewarding as they offer new and innovative ways in which to engage with consumers and build a harmonious and sustained relationship. However, one must be critical of the contention that a company should focus all of its marketing efforts on social media platforms. Traditional marketing, though less dynamic in nature, still offers many advantages and can be used to reach a large amount of consumers in a short space of time. With consumers being less suspicious of this type of marketing, trust may be less likely to be breached, but the growth of social media channels is difficult to deny. The world is seemingly going online and social media provides a level of interactivity unrivalled by other platforms. Perhaps an optimal approach would be an integration of social media and traditional print media/television platforms, with consumers being encouraged to seek out online inter actions through traditional channels. Such an approach would seem to combine the best of both worlds and appeal to the widest possible audience. References Aiello, L. (2014). Handbook of research on management of cultural products: E-relationship marketing and accessibility perspectives. Hershey: Business Science Reference. Bansal, H. S., and Voyer, P. A. (2000). Word-of-mouth processes within a services purchase decision context. Journal of Service Research, 3(2), 166-177. Barker, M. S., Barker, D., Bormann, N. F., and Neher, K. (2013). Social media marketing: A strategic approach. Mason: South-Western Cengage Learning. Brown, J., Broderick, A. J., and Lee, N. (2007). Word of mouth communication within online communities: Conceptualizing the online social network. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 21(3), 2-20. Burrow, J. L., and Fowler, A. R. (2015). Marketing. Boston: Cengage Learning. Clark, M., and Melancon, J. (2013). The influence of social media investment on relational outcomes: A relationship marketing perspective. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 5(4), 132-142. Glass, R., and Callahan, S. (2014). The big data-driven business: How to use big data to win customers, beat competitors, and boost profits. Hoboken: Wiley. Harvest Digital, (2007). The influence of online advertising on search. [online] Available at: https://www.bima.co.uk/assets/members/whitepapers/050908051f120704_1.pdf Hoffman, D. L., and Fodor, M. (2010). Can you measure the ROI of your social media marketing? MIT Sloan Management Review, 52(1), 41-49. Laroche, M., Habibi, M. R., and Richard, M. O. (2013). To be or not to be in social media: How brand loyalty is affected by social media? International Journal of Information Management, 33(1), 76-82. Luttrell, R. (2015). Social media: How to engage, share, and connect. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. Mangold, W. G., and Faulds, D. J. (2009). Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix. Business Horizons, 52(4), 357-365. Oh, C., Sasser, S., and Almahmoud, S. (2015). Social media analytics framework: the case of Twitter and Super Bow l ads. Journal of Information Technology Management, 26(1), 1-18. Ozanian, M. (2013). Super Bowl Advertising Rates Top The Stock Market. [online] Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2013/01/18/super-bowl-advertising-rates-top-the-stock-market/ Shaffer, J., and Garnett, M. (2011). Monetizing Social Media. Printing Impressions, 54(1), 22. Simons, E. (2013). The secret lives of sports fans: The science of sports obsession. New York: Overlook Duckworth. Tella, A. (2015). Social media strategies for dynamic library service development. Hershey: Information Science Reference. Whitler, K. (2014). Why Word Of Mouth Marketing Is The Most Important Social Media. [online] Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimberlywhitler/2014/07/17/why-word-of-mouth-marketing-is-the-most-important-social-media/ Zarrella, D. and Zarrella, A. (2011). The Facebook Marketing Book. Sebastopol: OReilly Media.

Flowchart and Memo Essay - 1100 Words

Flowchart and Memo (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Instructor:9/1/2015.Supply GoodsReceive Purchase OrderA flowchart is essential for the graphical, or pictorial representation of all the processes within an organization .It helps highlight the various parts or departments that might have problems, and therefore offer some insight on how to solve these problems. The flowchart below is for a manufacturing company, from reception of an order, to supply of the same.Receive goodsSend Order to SupplierFinalize PurchaseForm Correctly Completed?Receive Purchase RequestPurchase Request to Purchasing DepartmentComplete Purchase RequestLow StocksYesYesNoReturnRectify and ReturnIncorrect RequestTo: The ManagerFrom: PlanningDate: 9/1/2015Re: Integration of IT to streamline operations.Over the history of the company, there has been a great reliance on manual procedures, through every level of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s management. The operations of the organization, from time a client orders products, to the time of supply, the personnel have worked on the paper environment. It has been effective in ensuring that the company processes have continued, and the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s core businesses have been intact. However, there are a number of things that make the system have some problems and thereby call for a complete makeover of the entire system.The purchase process, usually start by placement of an order. Once the order has been placed, there are the necessary processes required to validate the request, before the processing of the order. During the validation process, all the checks are usually done to ensure that the right purchase orders are made and the processes duly completed. The problem usually arises when the number of orders received within a specific period is extremely high. In such a situation, the amount of paperwork done at every stage is daunting. Additionally, the amount of work on the personnel in charge can prove to be very daunting. As a result, the probability of human error is mor e likely with more and more work.This raises the need for automation of the whole system. The computerization of the procedures, all the way from start to end, is a definite pointer to improved efficiency. Installation of databases and other automated systems will help in the development of a business intelligence system, which plays a huge role in ensuring that the normal decision making processes are done within the necessary timeline. For example, the decision making process when it comes to the validation of the purchase requests, and the purchase orders van be produced automatically, once the reception of an approval from the requests is done.The computerization of the system will also ensure that there is a continuous work process within the organization, thereby eliminating the instances of fatigue that might arise as a result of the same. Fatigue suffered by the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s personnel might pose a serious chal...

Essay on Steeple Tobacco and Balance Scorecard - 1449 Words

STEEPLE and Balance Scorecard Kevin Jackson MKT 598 April 27, 2014 Anthony Bretti, Instructor When a firm uses an external consultant to solve a problem or evaluate an opportunity the consultant can use STEEPLE (social, technological, economic, environmental, legal, and ethical), which is a preliminary analysis technique to answer why the business organization or systems exist (Wickham, Wickham, 2008, p. 128). This analysis the consultant preforms helps to determine how the firm business fits in its external environment. The consultant can also use the balances scorecard to measure the financial and non-financial performance of the firm. The consultant will use the STEEPLE and Balance†¦show more content†¦The technological factor, Phillip-Morris has does not have the knowledge of producing e-cigarettes. The firm will have to rely on a third party to produce the product. With the company not having the technology or the technical know how to produce e-cigarettes the price of the product can be very expensive. This has a negative affect on the economical factor, because many consumers may not be able to afford the product. In addition, by the firm using a third party to produce the product the firm does not assume the risk of borrowing the necessary funds. The firm will not have any negative environmental factors of producing the product, because the third party will assume the risk. However, Phillip-Morris does impact the environment with its current production of making cigarettes. In the political and legal issues the firm can face is very limited. Phillip-Morris will have to comply with federal, state, and local laws governing the legal age requirement for purchasing the product. The firm will have ethical issues if the packaging, design, and marketing is promoting the alternative way of smoking as â€Å"cool.† This can entice young society members to purchase and use the product. However, if its marketing, packaging, and design is to provide adults an alternative and health way of smoking. This will show society that the firm cares about the health of its customers and those who are affected by second

Essay On Social Problems - 1861 Words

Ellie Caylor Miss O. Social Problems 11/1/17 Many people wonder, what is a social problem? Social problems are all over the world and affect many people. The definition of a social problem is an aspect of society that a large number of people or community are concerned about. They depend on your values or if you believe something is good or bad. There are two kinds of social problems, objective condition and subjective concern. An objective condition is a condition within society that can be measured. Subjective concern is an aspect of society that many people are concerned about. Social problems are major events that affect a lot of people. The social problem I will cover is poverty. Poverty is an extreme social problem and it means to†¦show more content†¦Everyone put their savings into the stock market in New York City on Wall Street. Then the stock market crashed and people were financially wiped out. Factories and businesses began firing people and for those who still had jobs got paid barely anything. Over 12,000 Americans were becoming unemployed every single day, this lead up to having 12 million people without jobs. Also, the drought in the middle of the country decreased the amount of farm production. Farmers couldn’t support themselves because they couldn’t grow crops. Kids couldn’t go to school because schools had to shut down due to lack of money. People couldn’t even make enough money to meet their basic needs. Then in 1932, Franklin D Roosevelt won the next election over Herbert Hoover. This was the change the country needed in order to get back on their feet. The economy continued to improve and the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) grew at an average rate of 9% per year. The Great Depression was another historical event that put many people in poverty (Great Depression Poverty). Throughout the years, the world have been living in poverty because of different events that occur. Natural disasters leave many people with nothing. Hurricanes, Earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters affect a lot of people. Every year, 26 million people are put into poverty because of a natural disaster. The tropical Storm Agatha increased the rate of poverty byShow MoreRelatedSocial Problems Essays1168 Words   |  5 PagesA way of distinguishing a realist perspective between theories of social problems within is to contrast the level of analysis on which their explanations are focused. Many theories that seek to explain social problems function at the level of the psychological or biological conditions that make some people behave badly – discovering the gene, chromosome or mental characteristic that separates the deviant from the normal. 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Dudley September 2, 2012 SOC 203: Social Problems Professor Barbara Carter We are going to discuss the overlap of crime, punishment, and poverty. Here are the points that will be elaborated on: Criminal sanctions and victimization work to form a system of disadvantage that perpetuates stratification and poverty; Punishment impacts individuals convicted of felonies, as well as their families, peer groups, neighborhoods, and racial group; After

Effectiveness Of The Jackson County Oregon - 1907 Words

The Effectiveness of the Jackson County Oregon Community Family Court Brandi Briggs Arizona State University CRJ 308-16169 spring 2015 Dr. Gary Sweeten The Effectiveness of the Jackson County Oregon Community Family Court According to the National Association of Drug Court Professionals (NADCP), 1 out of every 100 people in the United States has been incarcerated (â€Å"The Facts on Drugs,† n.d.). Substance abuse is partly to blame. Approximately 60 percent of prison inmates had a positive drug test when they were arrested (National Institute of Justice, 1999). A judge supervises community family drug courts and assists non-violent parents with drug related issues while still holding them accountable for their crimes. Drug courts are†¦show more content†¦Census Bureau, n.d.). In 2001, the Jackson County Oregon CFC program was started (Carey, S.M. et al., 2010, p. II). The program length takes at least 12 months to complete and involves three different phases of treatments and requirements in order to graduate successfully. Participation in the program was determined on an individual basis by the court. Participants were excluded if they refused to admit they had a substance abuse probl em or were charged with a felony. Participation or graduation from the program does not guarantee successful family reunification (Office of Justice Programs, n.d.). The CFC program incorporates the â€Å"Ten Key Components of Drug Courts† guidelines that are a national standard set by the NADCP to assess drug court programs (Carey, S.M. et al., 2010, p. I). One key component the CFC program included using a multi-disciplinary team approach that was coordinated with the court system. By using multiple agencies such as the court system, drug treatment programs and child-welfare systems the program was able to promote better results with participant recovery and family reunification (U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2004). Treatments and programs were individualized to each participant’s unique needs. Participants were also screened and placed in treatment quickly which, in the long run, resulted in less time for the child to be in foster care. Placing participants inShow MoreRelatedRogue Community College ( Nsc )779 Words   |  4 PagesThe organization I chose is my current workplace, and that of five years, Rogue Community College (RCC). Established in 1970, RCC serves residents in Jackson and Josephine counties at eight different learning centers in Grants Pass, Medford, White City and the Illinois Valley. 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Questions On The World Of International Business - 3836 Words

In this paper we will be answering five critical questions in the world of international business. In the business world companies must understand how to answer these critical questions. The first of these questions is why are many governments in today’s world liberalizing cross-border movements of goods, services, and resources? Answering this question isn’t just a one word answer; it requires a breakdown of how governments go to market along with a host of other things. In today’s global market international business is even more vital to a governments’ success than ever before. For governments to compete in the global arena they will need a few things which will help move that country forward when delivering goods and services. The ability to travel and communicate in the foreign markets are just a couple of things that will greatly impact a country’s ability to grow. Technology is also one of the biggest pieces to the pie when it comes to a country’s ability to expand and grow. 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La Amistad Essay Example For Students

La Amistad Essay AmistadThroughout the study of world history, the ideology of â€Å"divide and conquer† is studied and glorified as the most effective strategy for colonialism. The institution of slavery and the transporting of Africans across the ocean to serve as slaves in the â€Å"New World† depict the most blatant use of coerced division in the Europeans efforts to completely enfeeble African slaves. The middle passage portrays the Europeans efforts to divide African cultures by separating the slaves so that they were amongst those that spoke different languages and therefore could not communicate with them. The results of this â€Å"middle passage† experience left the African confused, alone, and virtually powerless in an environment foreign to him in every way. Amistad illustrates the result of not separating the Africans and attempting to â€Å"conquer† them without stripping them of the ability to communicate with one another. Without instituting the process of â€Å"cultural division† (and eventual extinction) resulting from the â€Å"middle passage†, efforts to conquer the African people were worthless. Films like Amistad, and the few presentations and rhetoric that portray realistic viewpoints of Africa in the past and present, illustrate the physical, emotional, and spiritual strength of African people. They enable African Americans to be proud of their heritage, and eliminate the false pretenses set by many that African Americans have no connection to the â€Å"motherland†. Learning about Africa from coast to coast, and seeing the array of environments from the most primitive tribes, to the big cities and metropolitan areas annul many whites efforts to continue to enfeeble African Americans by portraying the entire continent as â€Å"uncivilized†. By attempting to continue to divide African Americans from their people in Africa, whites continue to conquer them, by controlling their minds.

Blues Music Essay Research Paper ArtsA Brief free essay sample

Bluess Music Essay, Research Paper Humanistic disciplines: A Brief History of the Blues 2000-06-30 A Brief History of the Blues Joseph Machlis says that the blues is a native American musical and verse signifier, with no direct European and African ancestors of which we know. ( p. 578 ) In other words, it is a blending of both traditions. Something particular and wholly different from either of its parent traditions. ( Although Alan Lomax cites some illustrations of really similar vocals holding been found in Northwest Africa, peculiarly among the Wolof and Watusi. p. 233 ) The word # 8216 ; blue # 8217 ; has been associated with the thought of melancholia or depression since the Elizabethan epoch. The American author, Washington Irving is credited with coining the term # 8216 ; the blues, # 8217 ; as it is now defined, in 1807. ( Tanner 40 ) The earlier ( about wholly Negro ) history of the blues musical tradition is traced through unwritten tradition as far back as the 1860s. ( Kennedy 79 ) When African and European music foremost began to unify to make what finally became t he blues, the slaves sang vocals filled with words stating of their utmost agony and want. ( Tanner 36 ) One of the many responses to their oppressive environment resulted in the field bellow. The field bellow gave rise to the religious, and the blues, # 8220 ; noteworthy among all human plants of art for their profound desperation. . . They gave voice to the temper of disaffection and anomy that prevailed in the building cantonments of the South, # 8221 ; for it was in the Mississippi Delta that inkinesss were frequently forcibly conscripted to work on the levee and land-clearing crews, where they were frequently abused and so tossed aside or worked to decease. ( Lomax 233 ) Alan Lomax states that the blues tradition was considered to be a masculine subject ( although some of the first blues vocals heard by Whites were sung by # 8216 ; lady # 8217 ; blues vocalists like Mamie Smith and Bessie Smith ) and non many black adult females were to be found singing the blues in the juke-joints. The Southern prisons besides contributed well to the blues tradition through work vocals and the vocals of decease row and slaying, cocottes, the warden, the hot Sun, and a hundred other wants. ( Lomax ) The prison route crews and work packs where were many bluesmen found their vocals, and where many other inkinesss merely became familiar with the same vocals. Following the Civil War ( harmonizing to Rolling Stone ) , the blues arose as # 8220 ; a distillation of the African music brought over by slaves. Field bellows, laies, church music and rhythmic dance melodies called jump-ups evolved into a music for a vocalist who would prosecute in call-and-response with his guitar. He would sing a line, and the guitar would reply it. # 8221 ; ( RSR A ; RE 53 ) The guitar did non bask widespread popularity with blues instrumentalists until about the bend of the century. Until so, the banjo was the primary blues instrument. ) By the 1890? s the blues were sung in many of the rural countries of the South. ( Kamien 518 ) And by 1910, the word # 8216 ; blues # 8217 ; as applied to the musical tradition was in reasonably common usage. ( Tanner 40 ) Some # 8216 ; bluesologists # 8217 ; claim ( instead questionably ) , that the first blues song that was of all time written down was # 8216 ; Dallas Blues, # 8217 ; published in 1912 by Hart Wand, a white fiddler from Oklahoma City. ( Tanner 40 ) The blues signifier was foremost popularized about 1911-14 by the black composer W.C. Handy ( 1873-1958 ) . However, the poetic and musical signifier of the blues foremost crystallized around 1910 and gained popularity through the publication of Handy # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Memphis Blues # 8221 ; ( 1912 ) and # 8220 ; St. Louis Blues # 8221 ; ( 1914 ) . ( Kamien 518 ) Instrumental blues had been recorded every bit early as 1913. Mamie Smith recorded the first vocal blues vocal, # 8216 ; Crazy Blues # 8217 ; in 1920. ( Priestly 9 ) Priestly claims that while the widespread popularity of the blues had a critical influence on subsequent wind, it was the # 8220 ; initial popularity of wind which had made possible the recording of blues in the first topographic point, and therefore made possible the soaking up of blues into both wind every bit good as the mainstream of dad music. # 8221 ; ( Priestly 10 ) American military personnels brought the blues place with them following the First World War. They did non, of class, learn them from Europeans, but from Southern Whites who had been exposed to the blues. At this clip, the U.S. Army was still segregated. During the mid-twentiess, the blues became a national fad. Records by taking blues vocalists like Bessie Smith and subsequently, in the mid-thirtiess, Billie Holiday, sold in the 1000000s. The mid-twentiess besides saw the blues become a musical signifier more widely used by wind musicians every bit good as blues vocalists. ( Kamien 518 ) During the decennaries of the mid-thirtiess and mid-fortiess, the blues spread northerly with the migration of many inkinesss from the South and en tered into the repertory of big-band wind. The blues besides became electrified with the debut of the amplified guitar. In some Northern metropoliss like Chicago and Detroit, during the ulterior mid-fortiess and early 1950ss, Muddy Waters, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker, Howlin # 8217 ; Wolf, and Elmore James among others, played what was fundamentally Mississippi Delta blues, backed by bass, membranophones, piano and on occasion harmonica, and began hiting national hits with blues vocals. At about the same clip, T-Bone Walker in Houston and B.B. King in Memphis were open uping a manner of guitar playing that combined wind technique with the blues key and repertory. ( RSR A ; RE 53 ) In the early nineteen-sixties, the urban bluesmen were # 8220 ; discovered # 8221 ; by immature white American and European instrumentalists. Many of these blues-based sets like the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, the Rolling Stones, the Yard birds, John Mayall # 8217 ; s Bluesbreakers, Cream, Canned H eat, and Fleetwood Mac, brought the blues to immature white audiences, something the black blues creative persons had been unable to make in America except through the purloined white cross-over screens of black beat and blues vocals. Since the 1960ss, stone has undergone several blues resurgences. Some stone guitar players, such as Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page, Jimi Hendrix, and Eddie Van Halen have used the blues as a foundation for outgrowth manners. While the conceivers like John Lee Hooker, Albert Collins and B.B. King # 8211 ; and their inheritors Buddy Guy, Otis Rush, and subsequently Eric Clapton and the late Roy Buchanan, among many others, continued to do antic music in the blues tradition. ( RSR A ; RE 53 ) The latest coevals of blues participants like Robert Cray and the late Stevie Ray Vaughan, among others, every bit good as decorating the blues tradition with their unbelievable trifle, have drawn a new coevals hearers to the blues. There are a figure of different though ts as to what the blues truly are: a graduated table construction, a note out of melody or out of cardinal, a chord construction ; a doctrine? The blues is a signifier of African-american beginning in which a modal tune has been harmonized with Western tonic chords. ( Salzman 18 ) In other words, we had to suit it into our musical system somehow. But, the job was that the blues weren # 8217 ; T Sung harmonizing to the European thoughts of even tempered pitch, but with a much freer usage of set pitches and otherwise emotionally inflected vocal sounds. ( Machlis 578 ) These # 8216 ; set # 8217 ; pitches are known as # 8216 ; bluish notes # 8217 ; . The # 8216 ; bluish notes # 8217 ; or blue keies are one of the specifying features of the blues. Tanner # 8217 ; s sentiment is that these keies resulted from the West Africans # 8217 ; hunt for comparative tones non included in their pentatonic graduated table. He claims that the West African graduated table has neither the 3rd o r 7th tone nor the level 3rd or level seventh. # 8220 ; Because of this, in the effort to copy either of these tones the pitch was sounded about midway between [ the child AND major tierce, 5th, or 7th ] , doing what is called a blue tonality. # 8221 ; ( Tanner 37 ) When the scribes attempted to compose down the music, they came up with the alleged # 8220 ; blues s cale, † in which the tierce, the 7th, and sometimes the 5th scale-degrees were lowered a half measure, bring forthing a graduated table resembling the minor graduated table. ( Machlis 578 ) There are many niceties of tune and beat in the blues that are hard, if non impossible to compose in conventional notation. ( Salzman 18 ) But the bluish notes are non truly minor notes in a major context. In pattern they may come about anyplace. ( Machlis 578 ) Before the field call, with its bending of notes, it had non occurred to instrumentalists to research the country of the bluish keies on their instruments. ( Tanner 38 ) The early blues vocalists would sing these â€Å"bent† notes, microtonal shadings, or â€Å"blue† notes, and the early musicians attempted to double them. ( Kamien 520 ) By the twentiess, instrumental blues were common, and â€Å"playing the blues† for the musician could intend improvising a tune within a blues chord sequence. Brass, reed, and th reading musicians, in peculiar, were able to bring forth many of the vocal sounds of the blues vocalists. ( Machlis 578-9 ) Blues wordss contain some of the most fabulously perforating autobiographical and telling statements in the Western musical tradition. For case, the complexness of thoughts implicit in Robert Johnson’s ‘Come In My Kitchen, ’ such as a hardly hidden desire, solitariness, and tenderness, and much more: You better come in my kitchen, It’s gon na be rainin’ out-of-doorss. Bluess wordss are frequently intensely personal, often contain sexual mentions and frequently trade with the hurting of treachery, abandonment, and unanswered love ( Kamien 519 ) or with unhappy state of affairss such as being idle, hungry, broke, off from place, lonely, or downhearted because of an unfaithful lover. ( Tanner 39 ) The early blues were really irregular rhythmically and normally followed address forms, as can be heard in the recordings made in the m id-twentiess and mid-thirtiess by the legendary bluesmen Charley Patton, Blind Lemon Jefferson, Robert Johnson and Lightnin’ Hopkins among others. ( RSR RE 53 ) The metre of the blues is normally written in iambic pentameter. The first line is by and large repeated and 3rd line is different from the first two. ( Tanner 38 ) The repeat of the first line serves a intent as it gives the vocalist some clip to come up with a 3rd line. Often the wordss of a blues song do non look to suit the music, but a good blues singer will stress certain syllables and extinguish others so that everything falls nicely into topographic point. ( Tanner 38 ) The construction of blues wordss normally consists of several three-line poetries. The first line is sung and so repeated to approximately the same melodious phrase ( possibly the same phrase played diatonically a perfect 4th off ) , the 3rd line has a different melodious phrase: I’m traveling to go forth babe, ain’t traveling to state adieu. I’m traveling to go forth babe, ain’t traveling to state adieu. But I’ll write you and state you the ground why. ( Kamien 519 ) Most blues research workers claim that the really early blues were patterned after English laies and frequently had eight, 10, or 16 bars. ( Tanner 36 ) The blues now consists of a definite patterned advance of harmoniousnesss normally dwelling of eight, 12 or 16 steps, though the 12 saloon blues are, by far, the most common. The 12 saloon blues harmonic patterned advance ( the one-four-five ) is most frequently agreed to be the undermentioned: four bars of tonic, two of subdominant, two of tonic, two of dominant, and two of tonic. Or, instead, I, I, I, I, IV, IV, I, I, V, V, I, I. Each Roman numerical indicates a chord built on a specific tone in the major graduated table. Due to the influence of stone and axial rotation, the ten percent chord has been changed to IV. This change is now considered criterion. ( Tanner 37 ) In pattern, assorted intermediate chords, and even some replacement chord forms, have been used in blues patterned advances, at least since the nineteen-twenties. ( Machlis 578 ) Some purists feel that any fluctuations or embroideries of the basic blues pattern alterations its quality or cogency as a blues vocal. For case, if the basic blues chord patterned advance is non used, so the music being played is non the blues. Therefore, these purists maintain that many tunes with the word â€Å"blues† in the rubric, and which are frequently spoken of as being the blues, are non the blues because their tunes lack this peculiar basic blues harmonic building. ( Tanner 37 ) I believe this point of view to be a spot broad of the grade, because it places a greater accent on blues harmoniousness than tune. The chief blues tunes are, in fact, bellow meters, set to a steady round and therefore turned into dance music and confined to a three-verse rhyming stanza of 12 to sixteen bars. ( Lom ax 275 ) The vocalist can either reiterate the same basic tune for each stanza or improvize a new tune to reflect the altering temper of the wordss. ( Kamien 519 ) Blues beat is besides really flexible. Performers frequently sing â€Å"around† the round, stressing notes either a small before or behind the round. ( Kamien ) Jazz instrumentalists often use the chord patterned advance of the twelve-bar blues as a footing for drawn-out improvisations. The 12 or 16 saloon form is repeated while new tunes are improvised over it by the soloists. As with the Baroque bassocontinuo, the repeated chord patterned advance provides a foundation for the free flow of such jury-rigged melodic lines. ( Kamien 520 ) One of the jobs sing specifying what the blues are is the assortment of important sentiments. The blues is neither an epoch in the chronological development of wind, nor is it really a peculiar manner of playing or singing wind. ( Tanner 35 ) Some maintain ( largely musicologists ) that the blues are defined by the usage of bluish notes ( and on this point they besides differ – some say that they are merely flatted tierces, fifths, and sevenths applied to a major graduated table [ organizing a pentatonic graduated table ] ; some maintain that they are microtones ; and some believe that they are the 3rd, or fifth, or 7th tones sounded at the same time with the flatted 3rd, or fifth, or 7th tones severally [ minor 2nd intervals ] ) . Others feel that the vocal signifier ( 12 bars, one-four-five ) is the specifying characteristic of the blues. Some feel that the blues is a manner to near music, a doctrine, in a mode of speech production. And still others hold a much wider sociological position that the blues are an full musical tradition rooted in the black experience of the post-war South. Whatever one may believe of the societal deductions of the blues, whether showing the American or black experience in microcosm, it was their â€Å"strong autobiograph ical nature, their intense personal passion, pandemonium and solitariness, executed so vibrantly that it captured the imaginativeness of modern musicians† and the general populace every bit good. ( Shapiro 13 ) Kamien, Michael. _Music: An Appreciation_ . 3d Ed. N.Y. : McGraw Hill, 1984. ; Kennedy, Michael. _The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music_ . N.Y. : 1980. ; Lomax, Alan. _The Land Where the Blues Began_ . N.Y. : Pantheon Books, 1993. ; Pareles, Jon and Patricia Romanowski, eds. _The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock and Roll_.N.Y. : Rolling Stone Press, 1983. ; Priestly, Brian. _Jazz On Record: A History_ . N.Y. : Billboard Books, 1991. ; Salzman, Eric and Michael Sahl. _Making Changes_ . N.Y. : G. Schirmer, 1977. ; Shapiro, Harry. _Eric Clapton: Lost in the Blues_ . N.Y. : Da Capo Press, 1992. ; Tanner, Paul and Maurice Gerow. _A Study of Jazz_ . Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown Publishers, 1984. Bibliography Press, 1983. ; Priestly, Brian. _Jazz On Record: A History_ . N.Y. : Billboard Books, 1991. ; Salzman, Eric and Michael Sahl. _Making Changes_ . N.Y. : G. Schirmer, 1977. ; Shapiro, Harry. _Eric Clapton: Lost in the Blues_ . N.Y. : Da Capo Press, 1992. ; Tanner, Paul and Maurice Gerow. _A Study of Jazz_ . Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown Publishers, 1984.

Utilitarianism Theory

Utilitarianism theory argues that the consequence of an action determines whether that particular action is morally right or wrong. Philosophers behind this theory include Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, R.M. Hare and Peter Singer. All these philosophers evaluate morality of actions depending on overall happiness or well-being. Thus, they see utilitarianism as a consequentialist ethic.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Utilitarianism Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequentialist ethics holds that in determining whether an act, policy, rule or motive is morally right, we should check whether it has good consequences for all affected persons. Rather than asking if an action has good consequences for a person, we should just inquire whether that action adds to the person’s happiness. Therefore, utilitarianism is an ethical theory that centers on happiness, not just the happiness of one person, but happiness of many people. Thus, the greatest happiness principle is synonymous with the principle of utility. The principle of greatest happiness states that a person should do things that will have the most happiness for all involved persons. Critics of utilitarian ethics argue that because utilitarianism emphasizes on results, utilitarian theorists should agree that the theory of ethical relativism solves the problem of relativism. These critics claim that since utilitarian theorists argue that morality of an action depends on what the product of the action will take to all affected persons, then almost every action is moral. That is to say, utilitarianism is a consequentialistic ethic and thus, we cannot know whether an action is immoral until we see its bad consequences. Given that, utilitarian ethics in some ways holds  morality of an action hostage to the result,  morality of the action appears relative. However, we refute ethical relativism since utilitarian ethics is a t ype of universalism, given its grounds in trust in universal human nature. Utilitarian theorists say that all people have altruistic and egoistic elements, and all people seek to evade pain and augment pleasure. Then, instead of  ethical relativism, they support a liberal ethics that acknowledges there are universal principles and values. The utilitarian perspective that ethics is more inclined to our feelings and not our rationality may seem to give evidence that utilitarianism is a type of relativism. Obviously, people have different outlooks about different matters. However, description of ethics may not always be from this perspective. Think about a cruel act such as premeditated murder. How comes that this act immoral? Is it due to societal, divine, or natural laws? The truth is that human beings cannot make the moral judgment that premeditated murder is immoral until they experience negative sentiments about such acts. If there are human beings who do not get negative sentim ents after reflecting on the idea of premeditated murder, or other monstrous acts, it is because those persons have something wrong with them and thus, cannot feel others pain.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Desensitization is the contemporary psychological word that describes why some people may not have feeling for the pain of others. People become desensitized making them not feel others pain. This psychological thought matches perfectly well with the utilitarian idea of sentience. However, human nature is universal and a universal ethics rests upon nothing more than human sentiments. At the center of the utilitarian argument that shifts from the concern we physically have for our personal feelings of pain and pleasure, to others feelings of pain and pleasure, is the belief that this is the nature of human beings. When we hear about calamities happening to others, we may find our selves flinching or grimacing. However, to go from a claim about our human nature to a moral claim that we ought to do this, and it is correct that we do this, and wrong when we fail to do this, includes an extra step in the argument. The crucial step is to ask ourselves whether there is actually a difference between our pains and joys and other peoples’ pains and joys. This, for instance, is a problem to any racist. If dissimilar races experience equal pleasures and pains, then how come one race sees itself as superior to another race? If there is actually no difference between our pains and pleasures with others pains and pleasures, then we ought to, just due to consistency, view their suffering as just as significant as ours. This is the heart of the justification of the theory of utility; we should do what will have the best outcomes for all persons involved, not only for ourselves, since there actually is no significant difference involving our welfare and other peopleâ €™s welfare. It is clear that equality is a main concept involved in this reasoning. A different way to portray the central utilitarian concept is just to say humans are equal; your pain or happiness is equal to another person’s anguish or happiness. However, another person’s happiness, well-being, suffering, pleasure and pain are not more crucial than yours. Hence, considering ethics along utilitarian line takes us from egoism through altruism to equality. Other critics of utilitarianism argue that it is difficult and impossible to apply its principles. Those that hold that it is difficult to apply utilitarian principles argue that calculating the outcomes for all persons is impractical due to uncertainty and the big number involved. The truth, however, is that utilitarianism offers a clear way of determining whether an action is moral or not, and this does not involve calculations. As mentioned earlier, a morally right action should have pleasurable consequences. Therefore, a person who says that it is difficult to apply this theory should support his/her claims with examples of actions that produce pleasurable outcomes, but are wrong. Therefore, the argument that it is difficult to calculate what is right does not hold any water, since it has no harm to the principle of utility. Rather, this is a problem of the human condition.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Utilitarianism Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other critics that oppose the application of utilitarian principles argue that it is not possible to gauge or quantify happiness and there is no defined method of weighing happiness against suffering. However, the truth is that happiness is measurable and comparable through words like happier and happiest. If it were not measurable, then these words would have little meaning. In conclusion, the theory of utilitarianism is sound, logical and consistent. Utilita rian ethics follow the law of greatest happiness. According to this law, human beings seek to decrease suffering and maximize happiness. Hence, an action that is correct morally must lead to the greatest possible pleasure. This also implies that actions that cause pain on human beings are morally wrong. As seen in the arguments above, this theory is beyond reproach, as it caters for all possible objections. This essay on Utilitarianism Theory was written and submitted by user Joey Acosta to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Writing Essays About Black History Month

Writing Essays About Black History MonthBlack History Month is an interesting time to reflect on your essay topic. Your subject may be the life of a civil rights worker who, in addition to making history, also put a stamp on our nation's society that is well-known all over the world. Alternatively, you may focus on an African American family or group and their contributions to our nation's history.Keep in mind that essay topics for Black History Month usually revolve around either the period immediately following the war or the years that followed (which could overlap if your research is ongoing). For instance, some examples of past decade essays are: 'The New Negro,' 'The Great Migration,' 'Jim Crow America,' 'The Times They Are A-Changin',' 'Life After the President,' 'Ghettoside 'Social Security.' For each year, it is wise to concentrate on what the life was like during that year.For Black History Month essays on the 1960s, there are several essay topics to choose from. One would be to write about the history of the civil rights movement, particularly a group of activists such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, John Lewis, Malcolm X, and the Freedom Riders. You might also write about how these famous leaders sparked a movement or inspire people today.You may also find essay topics focused on some famous songwriters. This year, for example, Tom Morello, Ice-T, and M. Ward have been featured on an award-winning HBO television series, 'Soul Train.' These writers are prominent in the rap and hip hop music genres, but they are also noted for writing poignant and moving lyrics about current issues.There are many other essay topics that you may find interesting. Those who are interested in finding new writing and topics for school projects will find plenty of ideas online. Black History Month also attracts a diverse crowd, which means it can be a great time to find a good topic to write about. People from all walks of life can come together and focus on cer tain themes to create essays of lasting value.Another way to take advantage of Black History Month is to make use of the many great resources that are available for students. These can range from books, e-books, and magazines, to seminars and classes. Many schools offer a variety of cultural programs to help students make sense of the past and to gain perspective on the present. These events are often held throughout the year.You may also want to check with some community organizations for research grants. Some programs require that you be enrolled in a certain degree program in order to be eligible. This may require you to complete a few essay topics about particular events and people.To make the most of Black History Month, try not to shy away from taking on the challenges that come with writing an essay. Be prepared to write about many different events and topics so that you can connect your information with the points you wish to make.

Debates concerning Accounting Theory are a waste Essays

Debates concerning Accounting Theory are a waste Essays Debates concerning Accounting Theory are a waste Essay Debates concerning Accounting Theory are a waste Essay Arguments refering Accounting Theory are a waste of clip Coursework Essay Introduction This essay examines the proposition that â€Å"Debates refering Accounting Theory are a waste of time† It covers the topographic point of the comptroller in society today, discusses some definitions of accounting theory and how those theories affect the development of accounting rules and codifications of pattern. Some comparings are made with theoretical procedure in other discaplines and the relationship between theory, professional moralss and moral opinions. The essay concludes with a position against the proposition as future advancement in any subject relies on strict, good planned and executed research linked to healthy statement and argument. The Accountants Role and Duties Accounting theory is, by definition, the state of comptrollers. There is some value, hence, in depicting the: function of the comptroller accountant’s primary duties parametric quantities of accounting pattern The accountant’s function is more diverse and wide-ranging than of all time before. Governmental, concern and non for net income administrations have become progressively complex in their range and operations. Globalisation, rapid developments in information engineering and more demanding legislative and regulative governments regulating fiscal activity have had a major consequence on the manner administrations are managed, regulated and perceived by society. The financial and fiscal direction of administrations and fiducial demands on proprietors and directors mean increasing trust on adept advice and counsel from professionals with extended preparation and experience in accounting techniques and patterns. Therefore the simplistic position of comptrollers fixing the fiscal and direction histories for statutory demands and managerial control is now an mistiming. It is hard to specify the function of the modern comptroller in a short phrase or paragraph. Possibly an accountantà ¢â‚¬â„¢s function could be perchance be described as the â€Å"guardian of fiscal communicating and control systems of society† An accountant’s duties are broad and vary significantly from administration to administration and from the accountant’s place in the organizational and hierarchal construction. Duties are diverse. Some illustrations could be the readying of governmental budgets and prognosiss, pull offing the fiscal personal businesss of major transnational corporations, supplying fiscal consultancy advice to a little or average graduated table endeavor ( SMSE ) or scrutinizing the histories of a public company as a member of a professional accounting pattern. Each set of duties demand preparation, accomplishment and experience in widely differing aspects of accounting. Professional accounting operates within a series of â€Å"boundaries† ordering the public presentation and activity of the map. For illustration, a trained, qualified comptroller who wishes to provide his trade as a professional will about surely have to be a member of a professional establishment in the legal power of his pick. Once qualified and registered, as in many of the professions such as jurisprudence or medical specialty, an comptroller is surrounded by a bewildering series of legislative, regulatory, ethical and moral confines. Some of the accountant’s modus operandi is enshrined in corporate statute law, codifications of pattern, accounting criterions and regulative commissariats. However, non all parametric quantities are substantial and statute. For illustration the concern community and society at big has a perceptual experience which presupposes comptrollers should dispatch their responsibilities with truth, honestness, unity and nonpartisanship. Given the diverseness and complexness of the accounting environment, rehearsing comptrollers and those who observe, regulate, Teach, train, research and develop accounting techniques, patterns and rules would deduce benefit from comprehensive and congruous set of â€Å"Accounting Theories† and derived rules. The following subdivision discusses the definition and background to some of the more noteworthy accounting theories. Accounting Theory – A Definition There are a figure of definitions of Accounting Theory. For illustration, Hendriksen and Breda suggest â€Å"a coherent set of conjectural, conceptual and matter-of-fact rules organizing a general frame of mention for asking into the nature of accounting† . [ 1 ] Another definition by Most suggests â€Å"accounting theory is that subdivision of accounting which consists of the systematic statement of rules and methodological analysis, as distinguishable from practise† [ 2 ] In most definitions it appears that the basic nomenclature refers to the construct of an implicit in set ofrules.It is deserving doing some reference of the how theories are derived. In scientific survey, theories evolve through the observation of phenomena which can take to a hypothesis which is so tested with strict and extended experimentation to get at a decision or theory. For illustration, in early 19th century medicine the premise was that cholera was an airborne disease. This was challenged b y the physician John Snow with the â€Å"hypothesis† that it was in fact a water-borne disease. Snow had the chance to verify his hypothesis in the cholera eruption in 1854 by careful observation and by plotting the location of new instances proved that they were clustered unit of ammunition specific H2O beginnings. Final cogent evidence was that after the closing of that peculiar H2O beginning, no farther new cholera instances were reported in the country. In accounting, it may ab initio be hard to gestate how theory evolves into an absolute â€Å"law† in rather the same manner as in the physical universes of say medical specialty and scientific discipline. For illustration, Newton’s 3rd jurisprudence of gesture, â€Å"for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction† may look to hold small relevancy to accountancy theory. Yet dual entry book-keeping is based on the construct that â€Å"for every debit there is an equal and opposite credit† which is an eldritch reverberation of Newton’s jurisprudence. It is besides interesting to observe that Luca Pacioli [ 3 ] derived his dual entry â€Å"law† in 1494 where Newton’s Law was established about 200 old ages subsequently. Possibly a instance of commercialism predating scientific discipline! The basic illation is that a basic set of rules for certain minutess can be observed, tested and proven to set up the â€Å"principles† o f accounting. Theory vs. Principles, Standards and Codes of Practice As discussed in subdivision 2, comptrollers do non work in stray tusk towers. They work in the existent universe of authorities, commercialism and academe, in a bewildering scope of establishments and administrations in every continent and state throughout the Earth. Human commercial activity is every bit old as society itself, and as the â€Å"guardian of fiscal communicating and control systems of society† comptrollers have existed in one signifier or another for 1000s of old ages. It is interesting to observe that in ancient Egypt, † Egyptian bookkeepers associated with each depot kept punctilious records, which werechecked by an luxuriant internal confirmation system. These early comptrollers had good ground to be honorable and accurate, because abnormalities disclosed by royal audits were punishable by all right, mutilation or death.† [ 4 ] Ancient Egyptian society had recognised the demand to develop criterions and codifications of practise and the construct of hearers as inadvertence to commercial accounting activity. Today this has developed into a bewildering scope of regulations, ordinances, codifications of practises and guidelines. A cheque of the Institute of Chartered Accountants Library [ 5 ] lists more than 30 separate Financial Reporting Standards issued by the Accounting Standards Board ( ASB ) entirely. Global, one could conceive of many 1000s of such paperss, with each legal power holding its ain attack to command and ordinance. Are every one of these criterions based on solid accounting theory, rigerously tested and proven by observation, proving and proof? This can non be the instance. Certain rules may good hold been capable to more testing and turn outing but much of content of such paperss is based on usage and pattern, shared cognition and expierience and the positions and thoughts of â€Å"experts† in the field. It may be interesting to theorize how many of the accounting rules contained in the criterions could be said to hold been straight derived from accounting theory genuinely tested and proved and found to be robust in application and reading. The premiss that accounting theory is distict from practise, as suggested by Most, may hence be valid. Oversight and Regulation The inadvertence of accounting is, as indicated by the ancient Egyptian experience, every bit old as the profession. Possibly today penalty for non-compliance is non rather as harsh, but at that place can still be important direct and indirect effects if society Judgess at that place have been major oversights in professional behavior and non-adherence to the rules, patterns and codifications of behavior adopted by a peculiar legal power. For illustration, in the Enron instance the accounting house Arthur Anderson were proved desiring as hearers of this multi-billion dollar corporation. Not merely were executives of Enron charged, and convicted of fraud, but the complicity of senior executives at Arthur Anderson proved a decease blow for the company, one of the pillars of the accounting universe. Many 1000s of guiltless people were adversely affected including stockholders and employees of both Enron and Arthur Anderson. In this instance it is clear that The comptrollers who audit f iscal statements are supposed to guarantee the legitimacy of mark-to-market rating. In the instance of Enron, nevertheless, this inadvertence was clearly missing and contributed to Enron s eventual prostration. [ 6 ] So where does accountancy theory base in supplying the cheques and balances for the accounting profession? In most legal powers there are a overplus of legal demands regulating corporate fiscal traffics. The accounting profession is mostly responsible for doing judgements on how and whether these legal demands are being met and that histories are presented in a â€Å"true and just view† . In fact this is a legal demand enshrined in statute law such as: The Companies Act requires that the balance sheet of a company must give a true and just position of its province of personal businesss at the terminal of its fiscal twelvemonth, and must follow with legislative act as to its signifier and content. [ 7 ] There is besides a strong statement to propose that as employees and sub-contractors to concern entities, comptrollers are capable to force per unit area and struggle of involvement in the discharge of their responsibilities, peculiarly with respect to the moral and ethical issues environing the demand to show a â€Å"true and just view† of the fundss of an organisation. It has been argued that â€Å"when accounting is a affair of policy and assorted policy picks are available, company directors will choose those most in agreement with their private involvements [ 8 ] But in most instances the criterions of professional behavior for comptrollers rely on self-regulation. The inquiry here is-does accounting theory have a portion to play in the prescription of what is a â€Å"true and just view† ? How is accounting theory related to the moral and ethical quandary of the accountant working within or involved with scrutinizing a major corporation where the accounting policies and concern theoretical account is fishy? An infusion of the audit study from the Bradford and Bingley 2007 Annual study reads: â€Å"In our sentiment: the Group Financial Statements give a true and just position, in conformity with IFRS as adopted by the EU, of the province of the Group’s personal businesss as at 31 December 2007 and of its net income for the twelvemonth so ended ; the Company Financial Statements give a true and just position, in conformity with IFRS as adopted by the EU as applied in conformity with the commissariats of the Companies Act 1985, of the province of the Company’s personal businesss as at 31 December 2007 ; and the Financial Statements and the portion of the Directors’ Remuneration Report to be audited have been decently prepared in conformity with the Companies Act 1985 and, as respects the Financial Statements, Article 4 of the IAS Regulation ; and the information given in the Directors’ Report is consistent with the Financial Statements.† [ 9 ] On 28 September 2008 the British Government nationalised the banking concern of Bradford and Bingley. The Arguments For and Against The proposition is: â€Å"Debates refering Accounting Theory are a waste of time† Clearly the accounting activity from pre-history to today was and is an of import component in society. It is indispensable in pass oning economic, fiscal and commercial information and is the anchor of commercial life and all signifiers of financial and fiscal minutess. Society as it is today would non work without accurate, seasonably, well-presented fiscal information. In carry throughing these demands a solid foundation of accounting theory can but beef up and heighten the professional pattern of accounting and its hereafter development. To the profession and all involved in economic and corporate activity, debates on accounting theory are a cardinal component the development of an progressively sophisticated fiscal community. However, to the bulk of us who are non straight involved, do non understand or care to acquire involved in the complexness of the academic statements associated with fiscal issues, such arguments would so be a waste of clip. But the consequence of theoretical arguments and their application to real-life activities could impact many of us deeply. The Enron and Bradford and Bingley sagas may assist the profession to develop more sophisticated accounting theories to cut down the hazard of fiscal loss to many 1000s of guiltless bystanders. One lives in hope, but no theory, no affair how sophisticated, can pass for the moral or ethical oversight. Bibliography 1Hendriksen and Breda, Accounting Theory, Richard D Irwin Inc. , 1992, p. 21 2Most, Accounting Theory, Grid Publishing, Inc. , 1982, p. 55 3Luca Pacioli: Unsung Hero of the Renaissance. Dir. Paul Jackson. With David Tinius, . , William Weis. , South-Western Publishing Company, 1990 4Article courtesy of John R. Alexander at Net Gain ( ain italics ) 5 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.icaew.com/ 6 Peter C. Fusaro, and Ross M. Miller, What Went Wrong at Enron: Everyone s Guide to the Largest Bankruptcy in U.S. History ( Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2002 7 R. Hussey, ed. , A Dictionary of Accounting, 2nd erectile dysfunction. ( Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999 8 Brian P. West, Professionalism and Accounting Rules ( New York: Routledge, 2003 9KPMG Audit Plc Chartered Accountants, Registered Auditor, Bradford and Bingley Annual Report 12 February 2008 1